初中英语语法知识精讲精练：介词(4)

　　［析］ since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态

　　［误］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.?

　　［正］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.?

　　［析］ 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。?

　　［误］ Three days after he died.?

　　［正］ After three days he died.?

　　［正］ Three days later he died.?

　　［析］ after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。?

　　［误］ She hid herself after the tree.?

　　［正］ She hid herself behind the tree.?

　　［析］ after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。?

　　［误］ There is a beautiful bird on the tree.?

　　［正］ There is a beautiful bird in the tree.?

　　［析］ 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.?

　　［误］ Shanghai is on the east of China.?

　　［正］ Shanghai is in the east of China.?

　　［析］ 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in, on, to。 in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China. ?

　　［误］ I arrived at New York on July 2nd.?

　　［正］ I arrived in New York on July 2nd.?

　　［析］ at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。?

　　［误］ He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.?

　　［正］ He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.?

　　［析］ 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。?

　　［误］ There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.?

　　［正］ There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.?

　　［析］ 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.?

　　［误］ This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.?

　　［正］ This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.?

　　［析］ 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailor's shop (裁缝店)＝at a tailor's, ?at the doctor's (去看病) at the bookseller's (在书店) at uncle Wang's (在王叔叔家)

　　［误］ Do you know there is some good news on today's newspaper??

　　［正］ Do you know there is some good news in today's newspaper??

　　［析］ 在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。?

　　［误］ The school will begin on September 1st.?

　　［正］ School will begin on September 1st.?

　　［析］ 这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Tom's home, they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，at work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜?如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the school 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。?

　　［误］ In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.?

　　［正］ On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.?

　　［析］ 译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光?"在……的路上"应用on one's way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。

　　［误］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.?

　　［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.?

　　［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.?

　　［析］ in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。?

　　［误］ I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.?

　　［正］ I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai.?

　　［正］ I'll leave for Shanghai.?

　　［析］ leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for。?

　　［误］ I'm sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.?

　　［正］ I'm sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.?

　　［析］ get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲We'd better get in. 或We'd better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车：get on／off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into／out of (a car, taxi…)?

　　［误］ Be careful? The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

　　［正］ Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

　　［析］ over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.?

　　［误］ There is an old stone bridge above the river.?

　　［正］ There is an old stone bridge over the river.?

　　［析］ over还有一意为"跨越，横跨"。?

　　［误］ The Dead Sea is under the sea level.?

　　［正］ The Dead Sea is below the sea level.?

　　［析］ 在垂直下方要用below.?也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。

　　［误］ There is a big tree in the front of the house.?

　　［正］ There is a big tree in front of the house. ?

　　［析］ in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.?

　　［误］ It took them two days to walk across the forest.?

　　［正］ It took them two days to walk through the forest.?

　　［析］ across 作为介词有两个主要意思：① 横过，如：I want to walk across the street.② 对面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.?

　　［误］ The sun sets toward the west.?

　　［正］ The sun sets in the west.?

　　［析］ towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时，其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south. 也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China.?

　　［误］ Do you have no other clothes except those??

　　［正］ Do you have no other clothes besides those??

　　［析］ beside 是"在……旁边"，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是"除……之外，不仅……而且……，除了……以外还有……"， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。?

　　［误］ Can I write the exam paper with ink??

　　［正］ Can I write the exam paper with a pen??

　　［正］ Can I write the exam paper in ink??

　　［析］ with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。?

　　［误］ I'm earlier today. I came here by his car.?

　　［正］ I'm earlier today. I came here in his car.?

　　［析］ 在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。?by taxi=in a taxi

　　by train=in a train

　　by bicycle=on a bicycle?

　　by ship=on a ship

　　by boat=in a boat

　　by bus=on a bus?

　　by plane=on a plane

　　by air 空运

　　by land 陆运?

　　by sea 海运

　　on foot on horseback?

　　by phone by letter by radio?

　　by air mail by hand?

　　［误］ A lot of French wines are made of grape.?

　　［正］ A lot of French wines are made from grape.?

　　［析］ made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.?

　　［误］ This is a good dictionary in English grammar.?

　　［正］ This is a good dictionary on English grammar.?

　　［析］ 关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。?

　　［误］ Do you have the key of the door. ?

　　［正］ Do you have the key to the door.?

　　［析］ key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用of。?

　　［误］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.?

　　［正］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.?

　　［析］ have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。?

　　［误］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.?

　　［正］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.?

　　［析］ be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.?

　　［误］ He was good for skating.?

　　［正］ He was good at skating.?

　　［析］ be good at 为"擅长某事"，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。?

　　［误］ It was good to you to help my little boy.?

　　［正］ It was good of you to help my little boy.?

　　［析］ 这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.?

　　［误］ My parents were very pleased at me.?

　　［正］ My parents were very pleased with me.?

　　［正］ My parents were very pleased at my studying.?

　　［析］ be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something。?

　　［误］ He is agree with me.?

　　［正］ He agrees with me.?

　　［误］ He againsts me.?

　　［正］ He is against me.?

　　［析］ 同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。?

　　［误］ I haven't heard letters from him.?

　　［正］ I haven't heard from him.?

　　［析］ hear from 即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。?

　　［误］ Teacher. May I call at you this weekend??

　　［正］ Teacher. May I call on you this weekend??

　　［析］ 作为"拜访"讲call at其后接地点，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。?

　　［误］ Do you know the girl on white??

　　［正］ Do you know the girl in white??

　　［析］ in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是out of ,如：out of trouble (摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)， out of order(出故障)?

　　［误］ He looked at me at surprise.?

　　［正］ He looked at me in surprise.?

　　［析］ surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首，To one's surprise, 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise.?

　　［误］ She didn't come to school because of she was ill.?

　　［正］ She didn't come to school because she was ill.?

　　［析］ because of 后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain.?
 

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