来源:网络资源 2023-10-05 20:26:51
一、被动语态的构成形式
1.被动语态的基本时态变化:被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,各种时态的被动语态形式为:被动语态由be+过去分词构成,be随时态的变化而变化。
以do 为例
1) am/is/are +done 一般现在时
例:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时
例:A new cinema is being built here.
4) was/were done 一般过去时
例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5) had been done 过去完成时
例:By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6) was/were being done 过去进行时
例:A meeting was being held when I was there.
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时
例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
例:The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时(少用)
例:The project will have been completed before July.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构
其形式为:情态动词+be+过去分词。
例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。
例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to。
例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”,“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例:The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式to do 也有被动语态 (一般时态和完成时态)。
例:I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者。
例:My bike was stolen last night.(这时可省by短语)。
2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3.为了更好地安排句子。
例:The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一个主语就够了)
三、It is said that+一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词
如用于句型“It+ be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+从句及其他类似句型believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think be+过去分词+ to do sth. ”。
例:It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(= The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如break,catch, clean, drive, lock, open、 sell, read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义 ,主语通常是物。
例:This kind of cloth washes well.
注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out,等以主动形式表示被动意义。come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out
例:How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
例:Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、表被动意义的几种特殊形态
1.在 need,want, require, bear式的被动形式。例:The house needs repairing.
2.形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式。
3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
例:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. (to do 与 things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)试比较:I’ ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)此处用不定式的被动语态。
4.在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有 nice, easy, fit,hard,difficult , important,impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。
例:This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).
5.在 too,to结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
例:This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6.在 there be ,句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。
例:There is no time to lose lost time 不明确。
7.在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,下列动词等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例:Who is to blame for starting the fire?
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