初中语法精挑细讲之非谓语动词

　　（十）非谓语动词

　　1．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。

　　2．动词不定式：to ＋ 动词原形（在某些情况下可以不带to ）。（没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化）

　　○1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

　　○2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)

　　○3 完成式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)

　　○4 用法：

　　A． 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .

　　B． 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

　　C． 作宾语：

　　a. 动词＋to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)

　　b. 动词＋疑问词＋to do I don't know where to put the bike .

　　c. 动词＋形式宾语(it)＋宾补＋to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .

　　D． 作补语：

　　a. 动词＋宾语＋to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)

　　b. 动词＋宾语＋不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)

　　E． 作状语：

　　a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

　　b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .

　　c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .

　　F．作定语： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .

　　○5 动词不定式to 的省略：

　　A． 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。

　　I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .

　　B．在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。

　　○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用－never + to do 结构。

　　3．动名词：动词原形＋ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。

　　○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

　　○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 （表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .

　　○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） I regret not being able to help you .

　　○4 用法：

　　A． 作主语：

　　a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .

　　b. No + 动名词表示"禁止"。No smoking, No parking .

　　B． 作宾语：He finished doing his homework .

　　C． 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .

　　D． 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . （表明名词的用途、功能等）

　　E． 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词＋动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?

　　4．分词：动词原形＋ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分为现在分词、过去分词）

　　现在分词

　　○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)

　　○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 （表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状

　　态之前就发生）

　　○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .

　　○4 用法：

　　A． 作表语。The result is surprising .

　　B． 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)

　　C． 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .

　　D． 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.

　　过去分词

　　○1 形式：规则动词＋ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。

　　○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。

　　○3 用法：

　　A． 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .

　　B． 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

　　C． 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .

　　D． 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
 

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